Veselin Vasilev
Abstract: This article offers a comparative analysis of housing policy models across European Union member states, with a focus on the institutional determinants of housing affordability and social inclusion. Four overarching models are identified: The Northern social-democratic model with a substantial public and municipal housing sector; the Western European corporate model centered on regulated housing associations; the Southern Mediterranean model characterized by high homeownership and limited state intervention; and the post-socialist model shaped by extensive privatization and a residual public housing stock. Drawing on evidence from Finland, Sweden, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, and Bulgaria, the study examines the effectiveness of rent regulation, subsidy schemes, public - private partnerships, and targeted housing assistance. Findings indicate that countries with strong public or non-profit housing institutions achieve more sustainable affordability outcomes, lower homelessness rates, and greater spatial equity. In contrast, market-driven systems exhibit higher cost burdens and reduced access for vulnerable groups. The article argues that Bulgaria must integrate successful European mechanisms - particularly municipal housing expansion, land-use reform, and enhanced tenant protection to improve long-term housing affordability.
Key words:Housing affordability; Public and social housing systems; EU; Rent regulation and tenant protection; Institutional models of housing policy.
Download full text as PDF file